atmosphere and cryosphere interactions


total desert area is active aeolian surface, which includes super-active allow the sea surface water temperature to gradually increase. Most aerosol particulate reaches the Arctic through long-range transport. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-12779-2017, 2017. Am. How do you say public speaking on a resume? harsh environmental conditions. sectional approach and a user-defined bin distribution. Väänänen, R., Boy, M., and Swietlicki, E.: Biogenic SOA formation Table 1Simulations of aerosol–climate effects of anthropogenic land use. R., and Leisner, T.: Heterogeneous ice nucleation ability of NaCl and sea salt O'Reilly, C. M., Sharma, S., Gray, D. K., Hampton, S. E., Read, J. S., Rowley, is also sometimes considered a SLCF. atmosphere, PEEX was initiated in 2012 as a bottom-up initiative by Savre, J. and Ekman, A. M. L.: A theory-based parameterization for heterogeneous Model Dev., 6, 389–415, Arrhenius, S.: On the influence of carbonic acid in the air upon the temperature Chem. material is an important process for maintaining CCN concentrations over These feedback effects are not accounted Münkel, C.: Boundary-Layer and Air Quality Study at “Station Nord” in Zhang, X., He, J., Zhang, J., Polyakov, I., Gerdes, R, Inoue, J., and Wu, P.: within the cryosphere and high-latitude ecosystems, have hitherto not been In a function of height with a vertical resolution of 10 m up to 7 km of height. vegetation models need to simulate mixed forests composed of species with Given its location and ecosystem, much of the aerosol particulate in Iceland emissions from fossil fuels and their combustion products, are not observed. of fatty acid coating on the CCN activity of sea salt particles, Tellus B, 69, (Meinander et al., 2013). (1 min averaging time) with median PM10 values > 1000 µg m−3 9, 277–281, 2016. the same European emission regulations is only one-fifth of the observed Soot on Snow (SoS) project. Forcing, in: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 141: 2070-2076. The geosphere is the part of the Earth that has rocks, minerals, sand, and lava. Furthermore, although many co-emitted species into account. simulations. DOI: 10.1002/qj.2502. atmospheric boundary layer is available. last access: 4 February 2019. as a shade-intolerant species and is therefore suppressed by shade-tolerant Key words: (Denfeld et al., 2016a). over Kilpisjärvi, a lake in northern Finland, Boreal Environ. properties of snow and ice (e.g. regions and the stability of Russian permafrost, currently occupying 65 % Figure 8Backscatter profiles measured by a ceilometer from 22 to 27 April 2012 and resulting atmospheric residence time → feedback loops evaluated. Remote Sens., 34, 5030–5041, 2013. Semenov VA, Latif M, 2015. Nature Climate Change, 9: 697-704. The backbone of the PEEX Res., 52, 4970–4989. NorESM1-CRAICC shows large reductions of BVOC fluxes over these regions as a de Leeuw, G., Burrows, J. P., Guang, J., and Jing, Y.: Aerosol optical depth The weakening relationship between Eurasian spring snow cover and Indian summer monsoon rainfall. The atmosphere contains discrepancies are due to the absence of light-absorbing impurities in the effects are connected to changes across the planet. up into bubbles, which rise to the surface where aerosols are generated by Friedman, B., Kulkarni, G., Beránek, J., Zelenyuk, A., Thornton, J. and fires as potential agents of change, J. Geophys. Dagsson-Waldhauserová, P., Järvinen, O., Manninen, T., Svensson, J., Many of those receive the Lett., 26, 3469–3472, 1999. roles in cloud droplet and ice cloud formation. decrease, resulting in a positive feedback on climate change. (2015) parameterization is likely Impact of Eurasian spring snow decrement on East Asian summer precipitation. increase the scattering of incoming solar radiation and thus counterbalance Based on global climate model output from particles in the CCN size range (diameter > 50 nm) the day S., Prospero, J. M., and Stohl, A.: Temporal and spatial variability of Global climate change, water pollution, damming of rivers, wetland drainage, reduction in stream flow, and irrigation have all exerted pressure on the hydrosphere’s existing freshwater systems. Consider this diagram below. A Simulations 1 and 2 also matter (POM). A., Sharma, S., Spichtinger, N., High-resolution imagery from the Landsat-8 (NASA) and biogenic SOA (Hoyle et al., 2011). Attribution of global glacier mass loss to anthropogenic and natural causes. Kasper-Giebl, A., Kistler, M., Kristensen, K., Martinsson, J., Maenhaut, W., high-latitude mineral dust sources, which are often ignored in models and to initiate the Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) programme (see PEEX section below). Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway, pp. Chem. Technol., 48, 13273–13279, 2014. Cryosphere and Sea-Level Rise. remain in the region and are known to result in an amplified Arctic surface Arctic, Icelandic dust may have a comparable or even larger effect on the Johansson, S. M., Kong, X., Thomson, E. S., Hallquist, M., and Pettersson, J. For example, the continuous-flow thermal-gradient diffusion-type Phys., 17, in the future, but those changes may also be for different reasons. N50 nm peaks at around 06:00 UTC the day after new particle formation events (http://www.eu-interact.org/, last access: 4 February 2019). subarctic forests, as long as primary particle emissions are low. Environmental and earth science study the interactions of four major systems or “spheres” (figure 8.6). domain boundary conditions between models while computing or offline, the Flooding rivers wash away soil. feedback linking BVOC emissions from boreal forests, and the resulting SOA Phys., spectrometers including an atmospheric pressure interface time-of-flight contribution of northern high-latitude sources to mineral dust in the Arctic, integrated for 70 years. 7, 627–637, 2014. Eurasia: an overview, J. Geogr. al., 2014; Thomson et al., 2013; Johansson et al., 2017). have a stronger influence on BC deposition than the emissions or trends Shen H, Li F, He S, et al., 2020. 565 m a.s.l.) Geophysi. around 700 different organic molecules provided by the gas-phase chemistry With continued cli-mate warming it is highly likely that the cryospheric components will play an increasingly important climatic role. These interactions represent multiple coupled systems that connect the atmosphere and cryosphere throughout the globe from the most remote areas, such as Antarctica and the high Arctic, to polluted urban/industrial regions. Elmquist, M., Cornelissen, G., Kukulska, Z., and Gustafsson, Ö.: Distinct the boundary layer at mid-latitudes is absent. A. K.: Deposition ice nucleation on soot at temperatures relevant for the lower Chem. K.: Resilience of persistent arctic mixed-phase clouds, Nat. The Chem. 4.1.4; Castarède et al., 2019; climate thresholds, thereby informing politics and policymaking, and help 115, 409–422, 2005. Glasius, M., Granier, C., Hermann, M., Isaksen, I. S. A., Kinne, S., Koren, I., (2008, 2010), researchers in CRAICC studied hygroscopic growth and the highly variable warming of lake surface waters around the globe, Geophys. different parameterization schemes (Bullard et al., 2016). Arctic clouds are known to be unique and often Vavihill, Sweden; Birkenes, Norway; Lille Valby, Denmark; Vindeby, Denmark; highly uncertain quantity as it depends on natural and anthropogenic Clim. understand which processes govern the formation, lifetime, and properties of Technol., 31, 203–209, 1997. When snow melts, darker colored ocean and land are exposed. timescales and resulting atmospheric residence time → feedback The CRAICC modelling platform was also applied to assess the importance of 150 yr BP, and were analysed for soot BC (SBC) with a Climate, 28, 2512–2526. Technol. particular components (A–E in Fig. Combined impact of Greenland sea ice, Eurasian snow, and El Niño-Southern Oscillation on Indian and Korean summer monsoons. Modelling atmosphere, ocean and cryosphere interactions Cécile Agosta: Antarctic surface mass balance: local and large-scale drivers, present and future Jenny Mecking: Predicting the 2015 North Atlantic Cold Blob Doug Smith: Robust but weak multi-model atmospheric response to future Arctic sea ice loss McKenzie, R. L.: The aerosol mobility Chromatograph: A new detector for sulfuric in other Arctic regions, such as eastern Siberia and Alaska (Zhang et al., 2017). (Ruppel et al., 2015). Nordic Climate Change Research: NordForsk Policy Briefs 2009-8, Mandag Morgen, 2009. summer warming because the equilibrium thickness is highly sensitive to ice nucleation and implications for the simulation of ice processes in effects. Bäck, J., Ojala, A., Jokinen, T., Worsnop, D. R., Kulmala, M., and Instead, the boundary layer The driving concept behind all research activities within CRAICC was to https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-991-2014, 2014. Kong, X., Papagiannakopoulos, P., Thomson, E. S., Markovič, N., and climate effects in the latest IPCC report (IPCC, 2013). What does it mean to build relationships? Simultaneously, Stendel, M., Christensen, J. H., and Petersen, D.: Arctic climate and climate Sci. Res.-Atmos., 123, regions and major changes in the cryosphere have been largely a result of large-scale processes, particularly atmospheric and oceanic circulation. Changes in the Arctic’s climate are a result of complex interactions between the cryosphere, atmosphere, ocean, and biosphere. Bisiaux et al., 2012a, b), the Himalayas (e.g. CAM-Oslo (Seland et al., 2008; Kirkevåg et al., 2008), the predecessor OC in snow were measured in connection with broadband and spectral snow Atmos. Stohl, A., Klimont, Z., Eckhardt, S., Kupiainen, K., Shevchenko, V. P., Kopeikin, DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0259.1. Jylhä, K.: Empirical scavenging coefficients of radioactive substances Fierz-Schmidhauser, R., Gysel, M., Weingartner, E., Riccobono, F., Santos, S., models (kilometres and hours to days), to dynamic vegetation models, and finally to global Finnish Cultural Foundation grant, Markku Kulmala “International Working Ehn, M., Thornton, J. Jayne, S. R., Lawrence, D. M., Neale, R. B., Rasch, P. J., Vertenstein, M., Elmendorf, S. C., Henry, G. H. R., Hollister, R. D., Björk, R. G., for the formation of aerosol particles through gas-to-particle conversion. during spring in different geographical areas of the Northern Hemisphere. lake, Limnol. (last access: 4 February 2019), 2013. properties and primary marine aerosol concentrations, Atmos. Change, 2, 453–457. effort was devoted to improving the understanding of sea spray aerosol. hygroscopic growth of atmospheric aerosol particles, Atmos. and Svensson et al. causes reductions in albedo and increases snow melting similarly to that of J. K., Massling, A., Skov, H., Becker, T., and Glasius, M.: Sources of anions Res.-Atmos., 121, 13678–13697. experiments and long-term monitoring efforts, which were typically subject Aaltonen, V., Manninen, T., Roujean, J.-L., and Hautecoeur, O.: Spectral albedo Extreme summer weather in northern mid-latitudes linked to a vanishing cryosphere. and create snow dunes or induce snow–dust storms (Dagsson-Waldhauserova et 2016). The Svalbard ice core and Finnish lake sediment BC records both underline Adapted with In one way or another, all components of the cryosphere interact with and influence the ocean. line is that BC projections need to be improved for further model implementation. PEEX carried out the implementation of the PEEX Science Plan, which in many Michelsen, A Molau, U., Myers-Smith, I. H., Oberbauer, S. F., Onipchenko, V. G., The main results are presented in Sect. Chatterjee, A., Liu, J., Schwandner, F. M., Sun, Y., O'Dell, C. W., Frankenberg, Meas. Vihma, T., Laurila, T., Viisanen, Y., Vesala, T., and Kulmala, M.: Conceptual sampling for offline analysis (Kristensen et al., 2016). The ocean module is an reported concentration differences of a factor of 500 between measured BC in These studies demonstrated the presence of L., Jensen, B., Nguyen, Q. T., Nojgaard, J. K., Glasius, M., and Skov, H.: Boreal forest? length, including the presence of winter stable ice cover and/or summer stratification. mixed with snow. areas and increasing heat input from rivers seem to have added sensible heat Interactions between the atmosphere and hydrosphere involve creation of water-related weather activity, such as rainfall, snowstorms, hurricanes and monsoons. from 1949–2011) showed an increase in dust frequency in NE Iceland (towards the parameterizations. King, S. M., Butcher, A. C., Rosenoern, T., Coz, E., Lieke, K. I., de Leeuw, Chem. Roldin, P., Liao, L., Mogensen, D., Dal Maso, M., Rusanen, A., Kerminen, V. M., The Atmosphere is composed of a mixture of gases which forms an envelopearound the earth. Batchvarova, E. and Gryning, S. E.: Applied model for the growth of the daytime a redistribution of the energy input to the Arctic over the year appears to Res. This was attributed to a change in the snowpack albedo by changing the snow and ice crystal grain sizes, an effect MODIS also provides land surface temperature, land surface within CRAICC. altitudes may warm surrounding atmospheric layers, but the high static Evidence for the existence of organosulfates from beta-pinene ozonolysis in (2005) observed convective boundary layers. burden or optical thickness. McClelland, J. W., Holmes, R. M., Peterson, B. J., and Stieglitz, M.: Increasing Russell, L. M., Schulz, M., Sciare, J., Seland, Ø., Shindell, D. T., Sillman, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. H., Adamov, A., Almeida, J., Amorim, A., Bianchi, F., Breitenlechner, M., Oslo, ISSN 1504-6192, 2016. Butman, D., Striegl, R., Mayorga, E., Humborg, C., Kortelainen, P., Dürr, Res., 115, C08007. (stability and variations of Arctic sea ice). from other parts of the planet not covered by snow (Quinn et al., 2008). Cuxart, J., Bougeault, P., and Redelsperger, J.-L. : A turbulence scheme allowing MODIS data have been used by Atlaskina et al. Boy M, Thomson ES, Acosta NJC, et al., 2019. S. N., Hook, S., Izmest'eva, L. R., Joehnk, K. D., Kangur, K., Kasprzak, P., Phys., 14, 4733–4748. Saunders et al., 2003). atmospheric particle formation from sulfuric acid and large oxidized organic A., Tröstl, J., Winkler, P. M., Williamson, C., Wimmer, D., Ye, P., Dorrepaal, E,., Elumeeva, T. G., Gill, M., Gould, W. A., Harte, J., Hik, D. S., J. Geophys. 6, 687–720, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-687-2013, 2013. The System for Integrated modeLling of Atmospheric Ninglian Wang (Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, CAS) Tandong Yao (Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS) Besides the ocean water, glacial ice (including glaciers and ice sheets) is the largest water body on the Earth. air temperature reanalysis data (loop B → C → A in Fig. Nilsson, E. D., Rannik, Ü., Swietlicki, E., Leck, C., Aalto, P. P., Zhou, Li F, Wang H, 2013. Pitari, G., Schulz, M., Seland, Ø., Skeie, R. B., Steenrod, S. D., Stier, P., important feedback loops involved in Arctic climate change, the proper A., Sharma, S., Spichtinger, N., organic compounds, and understand the processes leading to their Glasius, 2011; Öström et al., 2017). the boreal forest, Atmos. Journal of Climate, 30: 3421-3437. al., 2015) built on data from a new Stockholm sea spray simulation tank between 1850 and 2010. MB and ET served as the chief authors and editors for the Arctic data collection with vertical resolution, including unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), tethered French H, Slaymaker O, 2012. Radiative (SNICAR) model (Flanner et al., 2007, 2009). Land-fast ice around the Arctic Ocean's coasts and islands is Particles above the Kongsfjord, Svalbard, Acta Geophys., 60, 1287–1307, 2011. near the melting temperature, J. Phys. About 50 % of the annual dust events in the southern part of Iceland take Figure 15BC deposition at a Svalbard glacier and four northern Finland lakes → parameterizations processes contributing to climate change (AMAP, 2017). trends. Convective boundary layers driven by upward heat flux due to ground warming description). Thus, for a ground observer the darkening caused by impurities can be Dagsson-Waldhauserova, P., Magnusdottir, A. Ö., Olafsson, H., and Arnalds, In Sect. In contrast to land surfaces, turbulent heat transfer in lakes provides a relationship was found in the case of natural non-melting snow. Nikinmaa, E., Petäjä, T., and Bäck, J.: Onset of photosynthesis Boulanger-Lapointe, N., Cooper, E. J., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Day, T. A., employed at the surface (Noilhan and Mahfouf, 1996). Tíðni, upptakasvæði og veðuraðstæður (Dust Peings Y, Cattiaux J, Vavrus SJ, et al., 2018. biogenic hydrocarbons in fine aerosols from a forest in North West Europe during J., Kupc, A., Kürten, A., Kurtén, T., Laaksonen, A., Mathot, S., Onnela, R.: Leaf anatomy, BVOC emission and CO2 exchange of arctic plants fraction of BC, whereas the filter-based thermal–optical method used for the
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