example of land conflict in tanzania
In such a way, young people from Zimbabwe desperately speak about the future of the landlocked state in southern Africa - and about their own future in their homeland. Get the latest commentary, upcoming events, publications, and multimedia resources. The following facts on the conflict are contained in The London Communiqué of June 1995 (Southern Cameroons National Council 1995): The Southern Cameroons was administered jointly with the Federation of Nigeria from 1919 to 1958 and during this period, all the survey maps which were prepared by the Federal Ministry of Lands & Surveys in Lagos recognised the Bakassi Peninsula as being an integral part of Southern Cameroonian territory. 1991. pp. As Mitchell (1989:9) pointed out, not merely will disruptive conflict behaviour cease and hostile attitudes and perceptions at least be ameliorated, but the ultimate source of conflict (that is, the situation of goal incompatibility) will also be removed so that no unsatisfied goals remain to plague the future. Fear of domination from a rival group or opposition parties may however, resort to conflicts. February 4, 1874 Battle of Ordashu. A compact version containing only the core guidance (Part A) and short practical examples These were individuals, countries, groups of countries, institutions and organisations. I am sure that none of you would want to rest content with the superficial kind of social analysis that deals mainly with effects and does not grapple with underlying causes (Martin Luther King Jr 1963). We find that widows are about 13 percent more likely to experience pending land conflicts when their parcels are registered under the names of their As this scholar of colonialism’s culture has argued, ‘[I]f we had transcended colonial images and narratives more comprehensively, perhaps we would not need to discuss them at all, but there is no emptiness at present in which such a confident silence can be heard’ (Thomas 1994:195). Problems plaguing the African Union peacekeeping forces. Photo credit: Dwiki Ridhwan/WRI Indonesia. 1992. Competition over land and its resources is at the center of the nexus between land and conflict. Analysing land conflicts 51 3.1 Types of information/data needed for land conflict analysis 52 3.2 Tools to visualize (data on) land conflicts 58 example of a land use scheme (shows specific designated uses on the land) and a spatial development . With the foregoing discussion on intervention approaches in African conflicts, one may want to inquire about the nature of the history of intervention in African conflicts. In this case, the third party plays a vital role, but only to the extent that the third party facilitates the interaction process. Notable among them are the prolonged The two teams consist of representatives from various agencies, such as Provincial or Regency Governments, OMP and non-governmental organizations. For Cohen, the colonial state was fraught with contradictions. December 1895 - February 1896 Fourth Anglo-Ashanti War. CONFLICT AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN GHANA: THE CASE OF THE DAGBON CONFLICT . 1985. It can also be said to be an incompatibility, as of two things that cannot be simultaneously fulfilled. Feldman, R.L. These interventions ended up with the establishment of War Crime Tribunals with none of the actors giving any consideration for the need to address the deep concerns of the parties in the conflict. 75-104. This view holds good to some extent, but it is far from being the general trend. Based on such cases, which also occur in other provinces, maps for Village Boundaries, Community Plantations, Customary Area Potentials and Social Forestry are crucial for the implementation of the OMP. By examining the conflicts of Africa’s past, military historians can gain an understanding of how these conflicts negatively impacted economic and political development throughout many African nations. Land Law Manual In Tanzania In Tanzania, transfers of rights of occupancy frequently encounter procedural problems, and as regards land transfers, existing legal structures are inadequate. One of the remaining ones is the village boundaries map. Out of the targeted 85 thematic maps, 83 have been compiled and integrated by OMP. Established in 1819, Norwich University is a nationally recognized institution of higher education, the birthplace of the Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC), and the first private military college in the United States. Inadequate human resources is one of the reasons for the slow OMP progress. Some of these outside entities or actors included former colonial masters, international organisations and foreign powers like the United Nations, the European Community, and the United States of America; as well as regional efforts like the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in West Africa, the Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Desertification (IGADD)3 in East Africa, and a number of non-governmental actors such as former Presidents Jimmy Carter and Julius Nyerere. Crocker, Chester, Fen O. Hampson and Pamela Aall eds. Those mechanisms were geared toward fostering peaceful co-existence among the Africans. This is just one example of conflicts relating to palm oil plantations within a forest area in Indonesia. Natural Resources and Conflict: Unlocking the economic dimension of peace-building in Africa Sylvester Bongani Maphosa The causal relationship between natural resource endowment and the outbreak of violent conflict is complex. Armed conflicts in Africa during the twentieth century caused an enormous loss of human life, the collapse of socio-economic systems, and the degradation of health and education services across the continent. Since the establishment of KPH in Riau, progress has been slow compared to other provinces. Esthus, Raymond A. Key words: Land acquisition, public use, compensation, land conflicts and peace and harmony 1. East Timor formerly in Indonesia, and Tibet in China appear to belong to this conflict category. LAND BASED CONFLICT SITUATION AND TRENDS ANALYSIS IN TANZANIA 6 1 Introduction: Research Background Irish Aid has funded the Pastoralist Programme operating in 3 regions of Tanzania: Arusha, Manyara 5) Annexationist conflicts: Annexationist conflicts arise when one nation annexes another nation in part or wholly, or where two nations lock horns over interests that belong to neither of them from the point of view of history and international law. This book is examines particular African countries that are recovering from civil wars that left thousands of their citizens internally displaced or as refugees in surrounding countries. Some scholars, including Mokwugo Okoyo (1977), Bonny Duala-M’Bedy (1984), Claude Ake (1985) and Herman J. Cohen (1995), consider the numerous conflicts in Africa as a natural consequence of Africa’s colonial past. 347-368. Former colonial masters were not in search of good leaders of the people. Those who support the poor, human rights and indigenous peoples are starting to alter conservation approaches (Igoe 2006). Some light will be shed on the typology of African conflicts later on in this analysis. There are about four million peasant families in Tanzania. The implications of crises and conflict in the Upper Nile Valley. In Kampar Regency, 7 Customary Law Communities (MHA) have been fighting for recognition of their territories for 10 years without any result. The Scramble for Africa has contributed to economic, social, and political underdevelopment by spurring ethnic-tainted civil conflict and discrimination and by shaping the ethnic composition, size, shape and landlocked status of the newly independent states. Conflict between humans and crocodiles, for example, has been reported in 33 countries spanning the tropics and subtropics, and the problem probably exists in many more. See interpleader to the ICJ in the 1994 Bakassi Peninsula Case between the Federal Republic of Nigeria and La République du Cameroun. the enhanced use of traditional conflict resolution mechanisms in conflict management today. Fig. The article reconsiders the conflict management and conflict resolution debate and indicts former colonial powers and powerful organisations for maintaining colonial-style approaches to African conflicts at the expense of a desire to address the fundamental issues that divide the parties to the different conflicts. Making the claim that conflict resolution is more than the suppression or perhaps the elimination of overt violence, it argues that envisaging and/or imposing peace-keeping forces at every turn on various African conflicts does not provide the desired durable outcomes. Those who advance the management approach argue rather that given the lack of a community of interest, the most that can be hoped for is the suppression or perhaps the elimination of overt violence. Some inter-state conflicts have occurred mainly over disputed territories like the Chad-Libya conflict over the Aouzou strip. In spite of the colonial basis of this conflict, it was difficult for many years to state any willingness on the part of the agencies to seek a lasting solution by addressing the profound causes of conflict. In these situations, the focus has been on the use of power at the disposal of former colonial states to impose whatever solution was in the interest of the intervening powerful third-parties (Webb, Koutrakou and Walters 1996; Skjelsbaek and Fermann 1996). This volume is not limited to events in Tanzania, but includes jurisprudence of land law of other countries in order to tap some interpretative devices of our own by way of analogies. Reuveny, R. 2007. Webb, Keith, Vassiliki Koutrakou and Mike Walters 1996. Land issues and conflicts occur all over, all the time on the African continent and continue to mushroom on a continuous basis. The land surface of Tanzania is some 888;200 square ki}.ometers. Center for Strategic & International Studies. Some of these obstacles include inadequate trained troops, funding, and political willpower among AU nations to effectively intervene in all of Africa’s conflicts. For example, by 1986, 43% of the original wildlife habitat in Tanzania had been Between April and July of 1994, the Hutus—a Rwandan ethnic group that comprised roughly 15 percent of the Rwandan population—murdered Rwandan President Juvenal Habyarimana; this jumpstarted the systematic and brutal genocide of approximately 800,000 Tutsis, the ethnic minority of Rwanda’s population. The OAU on its part was, until 1990, virtually non-responsive to African conflicts because of its sacrosanct doctrine of non-interference in the internal affairs of member states. 1) Inter-ethnic conflicts: Opposing tribal or ethnic groups are mainly found within national boundaries although the inherent problems of artificial borders caused by colonialism have resulted in some ethnic groups being found in two, three or even more African countries. In the resolution approach, the consent and contentment of the parties to a conflict are central. Riau potentially has 300,000 Ha of customary forest and right now, parts of it may be used for other land uses. This action will also remove this member from your connections and send a report to the site admin. France also supported the development of an inventory of available military assets in West Africa for an eventual AU and/or a sub-regional peace-keeping contingent (Cohen 1996:5). This volume brings together for the first time across three continents - Africa, Latin America and Asia - an intellectually consistent set of original investigations into this new generation of rural social movements. This shift in the balance of power sparked a twenty-plus-year civil war that killed as many as one million Somalis via violence, famine or disease. By engaging the colonial factor in African conflicts, this article seeks to understand the ineffectiveness of efforts at conflict management in overcoming the disasters that brought the conflicts to the African continent. R.O. Participatory appraisal techniques were used to assess land conflict and methods of resolving them. 1991. pp 95-114. The two-year war between the neighboring countries of Eritrea and Ethiopia was triggered over a border dispute and claimed approximately 80,000 lives. A side objective is to reduce conflicts over land through implementation of a functioning land-registration and/or . While the consensus on intervention in African conflicts has mainly favoured the conflict management approach along the specific lines of power and military force through peace-keeping in different conflict locations, the language used also appeared to be colonially cavalier as in the concept known as ‘the development of conflict management approaches tailored to African circumstances …’. However, land boundaries were not agreed with the neighboring villages prior to the implementation of Social Forestry. This will have to take the form of a coercive intervention, sometimes by military or paramilitary forces; sometimes through economic measures. Considering the annexation and colonial occupation of British Cameroons as a colonial conspiracy masterminded by Britain and the West within the Cold War context to deprive the territory of its independence, British Southern Cameroons nationalists notified La République du Cameroun, the Federal Republic of Nigeria, the International Court of Justice and the United Nations that the Bakassi Peninsula belongs to British Southern Cameroons.2. Case 1: Territorial Conflict. The international organisations involved in African conflicts are mainly the UN and the OAU/AU. Unfortunately, in April 2017 the U.S. and the Ugandan government announced each would officially end its hunt for Kony, and the LRA continues to abduct and terrorize people in the region. It is difficult to imagine how the War Crimes Tribunal in Rwanda helped to bring justice to the situation bred, for instance, by colonialism and the de-colonisation process in Burundi and Rwanda. • Land is a major source of livelihood and identity • Rights to access, use and control are central to the users • Land use conflicts and rates are higher in Tanzania than 10 years ago Motivation • The importance of land and related resources on livelihood opportunities • Conflicts have been widespread over time. 2008. From the conflict between the southern Igbo and the northern Hausa in the Biafra War, to the ethnic cleansings in Darfur and Rwanda, Africa has suffered tremendously as a result of ethnic discord. 2) Inter-state conflicts: These are conflicts between the governments and sometimes peoples of two different countries. The 1961 unification of the Southern Cameroons and La République du Cameroun gave rise to the Federal Republic of Cameroon, which did share a maritime border with Nigeria, with the Bakassi Peninsula becoming part of the Federal Republic of Cameroon … Following the dissolution of the Federal Republic of Cameroon in 1972 and the effective secession of La République du Cameroun from the union in 1984 and the symmetrical return of the Southern Cameroons to the status of a UN Trust Territory, that [sic] La République du Cameroun ceased to share a maritime boundary with the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Consequently, the case which has been filed at the International Court of Justice against the Federal Republic of Nigeria by La République du Cameroun, and which is based on the presumption that it is the successor state to the defunct Federal Republic of Cameroun, has no foundation in International Law because La République du Cameroun has no locus standi in the Bakassi Peninsula…, This excerpt exposes some of the contradictions of colonialism and the process of de-colonisation which were always in keeping with the colonial culture of constructing non-Europeans as subhuman. However, only 12 out of 37 KPHs in Riau have completed their Long Term Forest Management Plan (Rencana Pengelolaan Hutan Jangka Panjang/RPHJP) today, making it difficult to plan budget and conflict resolution. Often, these people waged war to liberate themselves when they were unable, through dialogue and the political process, to correct what Cohen (1995) termed the contradictions of colonial rule in some cases, and the failures of de-colonisation in others. 2004. 1823-1831 First Anglo-Ashanti War. A fascinating study of the important role of biology in European expansion, from 900 to 1900. Although some scholars on conflict in Africa (Obasanjo 1991, Anyang’ Nyong’o 1991 and Msabaha 1991) agree that conflict in Africa stems primarily from crises of national governance and from the failure of governmental institutions in African countries to mediate conflict, this article engages the colonial factor as the root of many conflicts in Africa. Zartman (2000:2) has indicated that the United Nations Security Council deployed nine peace-keeping missions to Africa in the 1990s alone. The examples of clan fighting in Somalia and Liberia where the control of power at the centre was/is one of the main issues are the high point of inter-ethnic conflicts, but these are only the exception and not the rule – given that inter-ethnic conflicts occur over any number of issues ranging from politics to socio-economic issues such as religion, culture or land and other scarce resources. These five examples of conflict and war from Africa’s history helped shape its past, and their intensely physical and psychological effects on humans could be felt long into the future. The Biafra War, also known as the Nigerian Civil War, is an educative example when studying African ethnic conflict. For Burton, most conflicts arise because one or more groups are denied their basic human needs as advanced by Galtung (2004), Doyal and Gough (1991) and others. You can review our Privacy Policy and POPIA information here. Edward de Bono (1985:76) popularised much of the thinking on how this can be done. Building on the groundwork laid by the classic Serengeti: Dynamics of an Ecosystem, published in 1979 by the University of Chicago Press, this new book integrates studies of the ecosystem at every level—from the plants at the bottom of ... 1993. 1991. Whether the emphasis is in 1) forced assimilation, 2) repression, whereby armies have been imposed on conflicting parties, 3) avoidance to frustrate the aspirations of seemingly less powerful or less organised parties, or 4) suppression of overt physical violence, the interventions have been coercive, and coercive interventions are only impositions of the powerful. In response to these challenges and risks, the European Union (EU) and the United Nations (UN) entered into a partnership in 2008 for building capacities for land, natural resources and conflict . 1996, pp. The organization of African unity and the resolution of Africa’s conflicts. KEYWORDS:Land Conflict, Maasai Community, Ngorongoro Conservation Authority. It is also being torn apart due to resources such as diamonds and offshore oil, with . In the case of one of these ‘new African democracies’, the Senators were elected only by Councillors whose term of office had long elapsed. 1995. Okoyo, Mokwugo 1977. In the case of the intractable fratricidal war in South Sudan, intervention was mainly intermittent from 1990 and undertaken by the Djibouti-based IGADD/IGAD. The British colony of Rhodesia, named after Cecil Rhodes, was founded in 1893. Seminar paper from the year 2017 in the subject Sociology - Individual, Groups, Society, language: English, abstract: The purpose of this study is to assess the Ameru indigenous peace building approaches used in mitigation of intra-ethnic ... These African leaders have not only retained the politics of power and violence, but many of them have also continued to reinforce the tradition. African states have also remained spheres of influence of former colonial powers, and no power in the world has been interested in changing that situation. France also provided funding through the Paris-based multilateral Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation (ACCT) for launching a West African ‘Observatory’ or watchdog based in Dakar, Senegal, to focus on 1) prevention and settlement of conflicts and 2) democratic transition in West Africa. Like the Cyprus situation, there are conflict cases in Africa in which powerful third parties have also worked behind the backs or above the heads of some contenders. Returnees to South Sudan access land primarily through the customary system. The battle to end the LRA’s terror has been ongoing for two decades. From the examples provided earlier, one can affirm that the conflict management approach has been the dominant approach in African conflicts. With the help of Great Britain, the Nigerian federal government reacted quickly, gaining control of the oil-rich southeast coast and blockading supplies to the region, causing severe famine and leading to the deaths of nearly two million civilians and 100,000 military personnel. Okoyo (1977:93), for example, posits that ‘political instability is rooted in the very structure of society and, for most new countries, in the colonial past’. There was also the case of the Tanzania-Uganda war that toppled Idi Amin in Uganda. Cohen’s assertion has a major implication for understanding the various conflicts and the attempts to resolve such conflicts on the continent. Foreword. Angola, which has seen an estimated 500,000 people killed since 1989 and an estimated 3 million refugees. Chapter 5: Land Rights 1873 - 1874 Third Anglo-Ashanti War. Political repression in Africa goes back to Africa’s colonial legacy. 2. Cohen (1995:11) also indicted the de-colonisation process when he observed that in many countries the contradictions of the colonial state were passed on to the independent states through a flawed process of de-colonisation. However, the cases in Riau prove that regional governments have to be involved locally, for example as a mediator between 2 villages in territorial disputes. In Africa the problem emerges and interacts with political, social, economic and This causes a lot of conflict between the two parties since they want different things. In 1996 the name of this Organisation was changed to Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD). Ultimately, without adequate efforts, land conflicts will not be resolved or even continue to get worse. As a result of the conflict, the United Nations established a military presence in Rwanda but did not have the authorization to take action; meanwhile, the United States government refused to get involved due to fears of another failed peace initiative similar to their previous undertaking in Somalia. In some of the cases mentioned above, violent conflict came about by the annulment of a free and fair democratic process and, in others, serious internal political violence began after what the people saw as flaws occasioned by heavily rigged elections, winners seeking to exclude some actors or whole sections of the country, or incumbents being unwilling to submit to the will of the people as expressed through the ballot box. Conflicts in each category will only be satisfactorily resolved when they are addressed in relation to their specific root causes. In spite of all the urgency concerning the conflict in Burundi, the focus was mainly on diplomatic interventions by several agencies and actors. 1 test answers. Bad enough, a frustrated society of Tanzania is surrounded by countries prone of conflicts, for example, Sudan, Somalia and Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Through its online programs, Norwich delivers relevant and applicable curricula that allow its students to make a positive impact on their places of work and their communities. Many of them remain undetermined due to the existence of natural resources, scattered small-scale agricultural lands/plantations and the misinformed custom to use customary land as village boundary marker. The UN Secretary-General and the mediation of international disputes. The lack of a central government forced the U.S. to close its embassy that same year. In this conflict type, the stakes are mainly those about who is where, who gets what, how and when (Lasswell 1936).
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