molly fish breeding time
They prefer bright light and spend their time in the open, displaying for one another, for the aquarist and just for the heck of it. Found inside – Page 489WHITE PELICAN REPRODUCTIVE FAILURES IN THE MOLLY ISLANDS BREEDING COLONY IN YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK 1 80 60 DEGREE DAYS INCHES SNOW DEPTH IN MAY 88828898800. Kenneth L. Diem2 fall in any month . Killing frosts occur up to early July ... Female mollies can store the sperm ejaculated by the mated male molly fish during copulation for up to a few months. Molies are fish that are easy to breed. Females carry more subdued versions of their colors and patterns. There are four mollies fish kinds in the wild: All other fish variations with different body and fins shape and coloring are selective breeds obtained as a result of cross-breeding within the four basic kinds. Some example would be balloon mollies (your fish), which have been bred from wild type mollies to have a shorter spine, giving them the "balloon" look. Mollies live an average of 3-4 years. To breed molly fish, start by setting up a 15-30 gallon tank for them that includes decorations, a substrate, and freshwater plants. Reduce the population of your mollies - When you notice your mollies chasing each other often, it may be time to get another tank and separate them. Determining whether you have a male or female molly is reasonably straightforward. Do not get two males for a small tank or they will fight. Better known as “the shimmies,” this condition is a reaction to poor water conditions. The species is for all practical purposes female, but females mate with males from other molly species as and when the opportunity arises. This article has been viewed 260,515 times. The addition of salt may act as a healing attribute, a way to overcome slightly dirty water. Found inside – Page 58Below : This speckled molly fish has popeye — a condition in which one or both eyes protrude from head . ... It will not need a filter , as sick and injured fish will not be fed for the short time they are in the tank . You may see the male under the female; this is how the fish copulate. The coloring may vary. However, provided with proper tank conditions, molly can live long and give birth to several fish generations during this time. When we advise altering the conditions of your tank to become unfavorable to breeding, don't do so to the point that you kill your fish. The male fish often chases around the female, wishing to copulate more, and this could cause stress on the pregnancy. Just mind your water quality, so they don’t start shimmying. Found inside – Page 297Machiavellian Intelligence in Fishes 297 Sette, O.E. (1950) Biology of the Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) of North ... Taborsky, M. & Grantner, A. (1998) Behavioural time-energy budgets of cooperatively breeding Neolamprologus ... Most of the time, the fish spends in upper and middle water layers. The first thing that you should do is create a beneficial breeding environment for the mollies. The description ws made by a French zoologist Achille Valenciennes in 1846 while working on his 22 books of “Histoire Naturelle des Poissons” (Natural History of Fish). With a peaceful temperament, mollies make great additions to community tanks. Found inside – Page 151Breeding : very prolific ; can produce up to 200 young at a time . Sailfin Molly Poecilia ( formerly Mollienisia ) latipinna Male 100 mm 4 in ; female 110 mm 42 in . Mexico : various waters , including those affected by tides . Found inside – Page 29The females appear to be unable to store sperm , and so these fish must be kept in pairs if breeding is to be successful . The gestation period is also lengthy and the young fish are nourished internally inside their mother's body . They like swimming a lot, and for this reason, it is recommended to get a tank of classical rectangular shape with a lid: molly often jumps out from the water. You can choose from different patterns and colors, including a black type. Shortly after your water quality slips, you’ll start to see the following: The behavior is your warning that something’s wrong. This makes for a crazy successful breeding platform. Found inside – Page 41Egg Laying Fishes A transparent glass fish to Junior Junior Article Siamese Fighting Fish ( Betta Scientist splendens ) : It is from ... Breeding in captivity is possible though it takes a long time . ... It is a prolific Black Molly . With every pregnancy cycle, a healthy molly female will birth anywhere from twenty (20) to 100 babies, and can continue breeding for between 2 (two) and 2.5 years ; their . Yes, Molly fish can live alone, and there are some reasons why you'd need to keep her alone: Reason #1: You Don't Want Molly To Breed. Stressed mollies may have more aborted births and stillborn. Mollies get on well with other live-bearing fishes such as (guppy, Endler’s guppy, platy, swordtail), characins (black neon tetra, cardinal tetra, ember tetra, flame tetra, neon tetra), rasboras (harlequin rasbora), danios (zebrafish), corydoras (Corydoras julii, panda cory, pygmy cory, Adolfo’s catfish), plecos (bristlenose pleco). It’s difficult to see if the female fish is pregnant, especially in black molly fish. Despite the relative ease of setting up the molly tank, these livebearers are the most delicate in the Poecilia genus. As for the pregnancy signs – they are the enlarged abdomen, and the female fish starts to look for shelter in some dark corners of the tank. As with most species of fish, males grow larger. The fishes are easy to care for and keep. Can you cross breed mollies and guppies? In the wild, molly fish has lots of algae in its diet. Found inside – Page 758Primary project objectives included ( 1 ) analysis of naturally occurring populations of adult and juvenile fish of ... to test our hypothesis that meiosis in unisexual molly fish involves an extra cycle of chromosomal duplication prior ... Found inside – Page 40Sl. No Name of the species Maximum nos. of young one 1 Guppy 100 2 Molly 100 3 Platy 50 4 Swordtail 200 After 2-3 days of release of young ones, the female again becomes pregnant even without the mating with a male. Found inside – Page 69In induced breeding of fish, effectiveness is more easily defined than cost, because cost really includes not just the ... Price is Rs 950 for 1 vial, at the same time 10ml Natrum Muriaticum is Rs.10 (cost of ethanol and labour). Feeding them with quality artificial food is the best option since this food is well-balanced, has all necessary vitamins, and digest well. By using our site, you agree to our. This will ensure the absence of nitrogenous compounds of high concentration in the tank, such as ammonia, nitrites, and nitrates. To learn how to take care of molly fry, scroll down! This is a common rule for all live-breeders since when the number of males is equal to or higher than that of the female fish, the latter will always be stressed due to the males haunting them all the time. Mollies are livebearer fish which means they do not lay eggs but rather gestate their young and give birth to them live. Found inside – Page 540A second unisexual tropical fish is also known — the Amazon Molly which lives off eastern Mexico — and it shares special ... A female of such a species which changes sex at the same age as when males are breeding would have a selective ... Females are larger than males and fairly easy to identify, especially because of that near-constant pregnancy. Found inside – Page 259At breeding time , the tilapia male excavates a characteristic shallow bowl in a sandy bottom area , which he then patrols as his ... but the black molly , a selectively bred variety , is a popular aquarium fish available worldwide . A single female can produce over one hundred baby mollies, also called fry, in one live birth. Approved. This is the weakest molly since its innards are lessened and pressed. As a result of the introduction, you can encounter the fish even on the other continents where they live and breed in conditions similar to their original ones. Bloodworms and brine shrimp are always top favorites. Snags, stones, lots of plants should be present in the tank and provide the fish with some shelter if needed. Mollies are quite enduring fish, and they can adapt to a wide range of water parameters. Female mollies select the males. In the wild, males’ size is up to 5 in (12 cm). To grow fast, the juveniles need to have a diversified diet. Prepare your tank and yourself beforehand, and breeding mollies should be a breeze. Any female can hookup with any male. Even if you provide grottos for hiding places, cichlids have no problem pursuing your mollies to take a bite out of the school. Such a large habitat, including areas with quite different natural conditions, suggests the presence of many local forms of the kind which natural coloring essentially varies depending on the habitat. So I don't need any more baby fish floating around, but I was thinking how cool it would look to see my two adult molly's fry. However, the latter is more preferable because tank mates in the community tank may eat the juveniles. Removing the mother from the main aquarium is also to protect the fry. Molly fish females are larger, and they have large rounded abdomen. These fish will keep your tank relatively clean and prevent algae blooms. However, if you’re interested in the mechanics, read a little further. Include your email address to get a message when this question is answered. Grindal worms, black worms, and blood worms work well. So very helpful. To learn how to take care of molly fry, scroll down! Black mollies represent one of the genuinely jet-black fish available for the freshwater aquarium. Replace water on a fairly regimented schedule. Partially, this is due to its aggressive temper — the fish attacks both its relatives and other tank dwellers. If the “nurser” tank is not possible, consider using an aquarium net breeder, which is essentially a mesh cube with plastic edges, to protect the mother and baby fish. They even conduct genetic experiments (for example, glofish). How much time does it take a molly to get pregnant again after a fry is born? It is less demanding, easier to breed, and requires a smaller tank capacity. Also to know is, do Dalmation Mollies change color? It isn’t their chosen habitat, though. Black mollies love plants and have large appetites. Man-made varieties, they have distended abdomens and come in three color options (black, yellow, and white). There should be a stable biotic balance in a tank. You can effectively avoid mollies breeding by buying one gender. The common molly represents the most abundant molly type. Or at least choose fish that prefer to swim at a different level in the aquarium. None. Finally, the anal fin stretches out longer and larger than that seen in the female. Yes, in a roomy tank, it behaves very peaceful and calmly, but if the tank is small and crowded, the fish can show aggression towards its kind and sometimes to other fishes in the tank. Betta splendens, Betta mahachai, Betta smaragdina, Betta imbellis Can a female molly die after giving birth? You CAN offer frozen options, but if you’re willing to invest in live foods, you’ll keep your mollies’ scavenging instincts working at peak perfection. They've colours on par with any reef fish; the jet black Frequent Mollies are velvety and beautiful, as are the metallic gold hues of Sailfin and Yucatan Mollies! If even half of these reports hold up to truth, the Molly Miller blenny could truly . Angelfish Eggs & Fry: What to Look for and What to do? However, in captivity, you’ll have to settle for a slightly smaller expectation. A Molly Fish is a live bearer, meaning the babies come out of the mother alive. It also serves as a hunting ground for the invertebrates and algae they prefer to feed on. The food portion should be enough to be eaten by the fish in several minutes. Found inside – Page 4About two decades after this initial discovery , Robert R. Miller , also of Michigan and a former Hubbs student , came across another all - female fish population -- this time in the streams of northwestern Mexico , south of Arizona . In general, in this article, we’ll talk about black molly fish, though almost all we say is true for the other species. The main thing is that the changes in indicators are not abrupt. You also have to create open and well-lighted areas in the tank. Usually, spawning occurs in the early morning. This was promoted by, first of all, the possibility of breeding between the three main molly kinds: Poecilia sphenops, Poecilia latipinna, and Poecilia velifera. Black Mollies give birth to 20-60 fry, time between mating and birth, 40-70 days. Only feed as much as the school can eat in two minutes to avoid excess waste. Image of a balloon molly and a male sailfin molly by guppy man. Molly Fish Care Guide 1. It’s quite enough to keep males and females together in a common tank. Most females are already pregnant when you buy them. Moreover, you may need the help of a breeder, if you have a specific strain or type, or color. The body coloring may be different: orange, white, red, black. The Amazon molly is a very bizarre fish. These babies are known as Fry. Found inside – Page 758Primary project objectives included ( 1 ) analysis of naturally occurring populations of adult and juvenile fish of ... to test our hypothesis that meiosis in unisexual molly fish involves an extra cycle of chromosomal duplication prior ... Mollies live well with tetras, guppies, platys, glofish and possibly gouramis if they are calm. The fish, as a rule, is more demanding to tank conditions (due to their curved spine), and their lifespan is seldom longer than 1.5-2 years. After that age, these fish can breed and give birth to fry. As males use the sailfin to attract the females, this makes sense. Changing molly's water frequently is inevitable. Most schooling fish have calm natures. The body is tall, elongated, solid, and flattened from sides. Have you had any problems arise? They make for dazzling colors and patterns against planted backdrops. Tank conditions and care are the same as for any other molly. Anywhere from a few to over a hundred could be born. The sex ratio was taken slight differently in jars of three sets, At the time of 1st breeding, the fry produced was more compared to second breeding. The genital papilla is a small, fleshy tube behind the anus in some fishes, from which the sperm or eggs are released; the sex of a fish often can be determined . Their stolid nature appeals to aquarists of every level, and their peaceful temperament makes them ideal tank mates for colorful community aquariums. It is very active and needs space to swim. Avoid more aggressive tank mates, or they’ll spend more time hiding in the plant life. Sphenops molly fish is encountered in Mexico and Columbia waters, and sailfin molly can be found in channels with brackish water in Carolina state, Texas, Virginia, and Florida; yucatan molly can be seen only in Mexican peninsula Yucatan. The very ends narrow to prominent points that sweep behind the fish as they swim. Breeding Tank. Just like all other fishes, molly fish likes freshwater. The female molly can then choose to store the semen until a later date or to allow her eggs to be fertilized right then. Well, I didn’t. You can often see how it scrapes algae and fouling from tank glass and decorations. This is the most famous, popular, and undemanding fish among all mollies. The abdomen and dorsal fins are very bright (red, black, or white). Females are larger than males and fairly easy to identify, especially because of that near-constant pregnancy. For breeding, mollies prefer a tank with a temperature at around 80 °F, or even slightly higher. Found inside – Page 2006Facilities FACILITIES AND HUSBANDRY ( SMALL FISH MODELS ) guppy or an egg - layer when one needs a wild species ... by separating juveniles of the two sexes until at least after the period of initial breeding would have occurred . Found inside – Page 23It feeds on various kinds of fish ; and is frequently seen near the shore in pursuit of its prey . ... where they resort in breeding time , and continue till the young ones are old enough to go to sea . The time for ... You’ll need a minimum of four fish to stave off nervous behaviors. The females are larger than males. Advertisement. Their ease of care, feeding, and breeding set them apart as an aquarium favorite, as do their stunning variety of colors and patterns. They are peaceful fish and are easy to care for and come in a variety of colors like green, white, black, and orange. And if you're wondering how big do molly fish get, the answer is: up to 4.5-inches. The gestation period (from the time she fertilises the eggs to when she gives birth to free swimming babies) is about 1 month. The eggs have a complete set of genes . When kept in tanks, mollies range between 3-4 inches (7-10 cm). You should feed them several times a day. However, short-finned and sailfin Mollies are quick to breed. Feed the other fish before adding in the new mollies. The female fish carries eggs for about 35 – 45 days. ", back together. Did you know you can get answers researched by wikiHow Staff? As females gestate, that rounding grows more prominent. Poecilia sphenops is a species of fish, of the genus Poecilia, known under the common name molly; to distinguish it from its congeners, it is sometimes called short-finned molly or common molly.They inhabit fresh water streams and coastal brackish and marine waters from Mexico to Colombia.The wild-type fishes are dull, silvery in color. You’ll be able to tell the molly is pregnant by a very distended belly. A female can produce up to 100 fry, though you may not get them all to survive. Their main distinctive feature is their tail fin structure. How frequently do mollies breed? For breeding fish, you will probably need another aquarium and you will also need some tools for that. Nevertheless, these bright, barrel-like fishes can variegate your tank and are quite popular. Reference samples of black molly fish don’t have any glitter or spots on their body – they are coal-black. Found inside – Page 53Mollies use a series of decision- making rules that place a genetic predisposition for a particular male trait (large ... learning) so that a strict preference need not reach its fullest potential in a naturally breeding population. DON’T put them with aggressive feeders. The gravid spot forms as the body wall stretches with the eggs’ development. Fish reproductive organs include testes and ovaries.In most species, gonads are paired organs of similar size, which can be partially or totally fused. Because guppies and mollies are both livebearers, they need a water pH of around 7.0 or higher. The fins are small. It can be kept in a 20-gallon aquarium. It is best to separate the mother whenever spawning ends. Therefore the perfect tank size for keeping them will be 26 US gallons (100 liters). This article received 18 testimonials and 90% of readers who voted found it helpful, earning it our reader-approved status. . The number depends on female fish age and size. Always swimming together. However, through the years he’s had experience of keeping almost all types of freshwater fish and shrimps. There’s no umbilical connection as you find in mammals, but the mother’s system provides the nutrients to the embryos contained within the eggs. Molly fish even eat algae, which is their primary food in the wild. This is especially true for well-known and widespread black molly. When mating, the male fish uses its gonopodium, which has a tube to transfer ejaculate to the male fish, and hooks closer to the female when fertilizing her, which increases chances of successful fertilization. Female molly will give birth to 10 to 60 young as soon as the gestation period is complete. Found inside – Page 54David says : “ Two days ago I noticed fungus appearing on the side of a black molly - a poor specimen ... pleased to hear from anyone who keeps these gorgeous fish , especially from anyone who can tell me anything about their breeding ... Due to its size, the fish requires spacious tanks. Looking at getting fish for my son. February 14, 2021 by Dr.Chamika. Breeding Mollies. Swordtail fish is a very well-known aquarium fish. Then, purchase male and female molly fish so you have no more than 2 fish per 10 gallons of tank space. This appeals to a lot of aquarists, as the school happily tackles algae build-up in the tank. Don’t wait too close to the birth date. In general, however, a fish stomach is similar to its eyeball size. Therefore, I’d recommend adding some salt into the tank only if molly fish live alone or when they are in quarantine. These fish are native to the Americas, but their habitat can vary significantly. I have 2 silver Mollies one is looking a bit boxie, "Very educational. Mollies can breed right after giving birth, which takes about 20 to 40 days on average, and will continue to reproduce for 2 - 2.5 years after becoming sexually mature. Found inside – Page 287The age and size at which fish breed for the first time, how many times they breed and the number and size of the gametes ... For example, in the Amazon molly (Poecilia formosa), a species used in the ornamental fish trade as well for ... Intense yellow coloring merges into black near the fish’s tail. Female swordtails can even give birth to 80 babies at a time. Yes, it is possible under certain circumstances. Found insideTEH Archives Although sailfin mollies have been bred in a great variety of colors , solid black fish like these are a ... knowing my I would like to get more and breed the P. characteristic of the male petenensis : the interest in ... Any molly fish can breed with another breed of molly. Molly fish are livebearers and the females seem to almost always be pregnant, thanks to the voracious Molly fish breeding behavior. Sadly, most babies from the guppies and mollies will die before, during or shortly after they are born. He’s been fond of aquarium husbandry since his early childhood. Found inside – Page 7Molly Cotton executed a cake walk 3 times around the veranda , and disappeared in the direction of the pigeon loft ... fish for years , they had become so scarce the legislature had enacted a law closing the season during breeding time ... Found inside – Page 31... cans prey almost exclusively upon this and the perpetuation of the colony . available and vulnerable fish . ... particularly birds retire to the Molly Islands and begin during the time of trout spawning . breeding activities . “The shimmies” aren’t infectious, but you still don’t want to stress your fish. As for the fish food with vegetable components, it’s better to feed molly fish with molly flakes, or you can give it pieces of boiled cucumbers, squash, lettuce leaves. Aim to keep your water temperature between the range of 75-80°F (24-27°C). Learn how to care for them, breed them & take care of baby Molly fish with videos, pictures & simplified information. Breeding betta fish can be a fun hobby if you have the . Thank you so very much. check out my Amazon store for best molly foods and other guenine products I personally usehttps://www.amazon.in/shop/aquamaniacsBreed the molly fish in 4 eas. The molly is a tropical freshwater fish. The most certain difference you can use to identify the fish’s gender is the shape of the anal fin – the male fish has its anal fin modified into a tube (gonopodium), and the female’s anal fin is of triangle shape. Molly fish are one of the easiest tropical fish to breed.Once the breeding conditions are perfect, they will begin to breed. The optimal pH for Guppy Fish is 6.8-7.6, while Molly Fish thrive in 7.5-8.5 pH water. And what to feed my baby fry when I get them. The gestation period of females is of about 30-40 days. Poecilia sphenops have elongated, solid, and flattened from sides body with a round well-developed tail fin. Mollies in the wild frequent the shallower parts of rivers and streams. It is very similar to yucatan molly but smaller, and it has different coloring. Found inside – Page 13Breeding fish at home can produce many new and interesting varieties if given time . ... or 1-405-769-6591 Send check or money order to : P.O.Box 30882 Midwest City , OK 73110-0882 Visa - Mastercard Accepted Mollies ( Mollienesia sp . ) ... The main thing is to remember that the vegetable component is very important in the fish diet. Mollies are always breeding when put in the same tank with the opposite gender. It is supposed that the variation was obtained based on the spotted Poecilia latipinna species. Found inside – Page 31... cans prey almost exclusively upon this and the perpetuation of the colony . available and vulnerable fish . ... particularly birds retire to the Molly Islands and begin during the time of trout spawning . breeding activities . Molly Fish Breeding. It is quite simple to see between the male and female fish. It can be quite seldom seen in tanks, even though it has an appealing coloring. This color variation was obtained in the USA at the end of the 20s in the XX century. Fishtankadvisor.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. While breeding mollies itself is a great hobby . Water filtration and aeration are required. That’s why it’s recommended to renew the water in the tank with juveniles more often than usual. Not only that, but they breed a lot! For yucatan molly, it’s better to select a twice larger tank since they are significantly larger than their relatives. In large tanks, the fish will be too stressed. Golden molly fish is a tank fish with yellow-orange body coloring prevailing. But these are active fishes. These are great fish, but there is a lot of confusion on how to keep them. Thank you guys for the help. For the most part, mollies are very easy to breed. Mollies can breed both in community tanks and in a separate spawning tank. The vegetation provides sufficient hiding places from the birds and other predators that feed on them. Instead, they gravitate to rivers, streams, and pools with dense plant cover. These fish can breed easily, they will become pregnant for 6 to 8 weeks which will produce dozens of mollies fish puppies. Fast breeding time period so you can produce several generations in a short period of time. Mollies are tropical fish and generally pregnant for around 60 to 70 days. In 1913 Poecilia latipinna was brought to Europe. After you introduce the fish to the tank, wait for them to mate. Breeding. Ensure that the fish won't overheat, or the water freeze when you are taking the mollies home. Found inside – Page 72... off with a razor blade at feeding time . Your black molly may be touchy because he doesn't have any female mollies present . ... From : Wilber B. Scott , Sycamore , Illinois I would appreciate information on breeding the Piranha . Breeding occurs easily and often for the molly fish if males and females are in a tank together. So easy new aquarists might want to avoid mixed sexes. Do you keep mollies in your tank? The top level should be 2 inches of something sturdy, like sand, pebbles, or gravel. To breed molly fish, start by setting up a 15-30 gallon tank for them that includes decorations, a substrate, and freshwater plants. While freshwater fish, they CAN tolerate brackish and even seawater for short periods! An aquarium heater will probably be necessary. Rather than elongating the dorsal fin, lyretail mollies exaggerate their caudal fin. Daily minimal water changes, or up to 30% per week, are recommend. There are currently 40 species in this genus, so 39 of them are mollies. Swordtails are calm and peaceful. The fish males become reproductive at about 12 months, and females when being 6 months old. Do not introduce the water from the bag into the tank. Live-bearing fish do not lay eggs but give birth to live tiny little fish babies. The concluding chapter examines the predictions concerning testes size and mating systems in the primates and the possible role of sperm competition in human selection. This book is of great value to reproductive biologists and researchers. If you have male and female guppies in the tank, and male and female mollies, it will be hard to cross-breed. Live food you may add to the fish diet is bloodworm, tubifex, brine shrimp. . Sailfin Mollies give birth to 20-80 fry, time between mating to birth, 20-80 days. Balloon mollies are a subject for debate. You may also see them in saltwater tanks from time to time. The soft substrate provides the perfect medium for plant growth, while the stones allow the mollies hiding places from larger, more aggressive fish. They're live-bearers, which means live birth. The fins are semi-transparent with white speckles. I have found it only when preparing this article. Found inside – Page 2009and the perpetuation of the colony . available and vulnerable fish . ... the cent of the pelican's diet , particularly birds retire to the Molly Islands and begin during the time of trout spawning . breeding activities . With a proper group, they’ll shoal together and remain active within your tank. His favorite aquariums are biotopes (Amazon River), with Echinodorus and Angelfish. A male molly may also become aggressive with the other male population in the tank to mark its territory or for the attention of females present in the aquarium. Baby Molly Fish will be eaten if kept in the same tank as any other fish (including mollies), so it is important to identify pregnancy . You’ll end up with fry eventually. Make sure you isolate affected fish right away so you can get them treatment. % of people told us that this article helped them. Fish might survive in the sewers and find themselves out in the wild. Before allowing your Mollies to mate, you will need to set up a separate tank. References Breeding Swordtails: Swordtails are simple to breed & beginners can easily breed them, if aquarium conditions are appropriate & if it consists of both males & females, reproduction will happen naturally.
Taiwan Wind Farm Projects,
Arnold Clark Car Hire Edinburgh,
National Grid Gas Demand Forecast,
East Anglia 2 Offshore Wind Farm,
Biology Dissertation Examples,
Second Hand Macbook Pro 2021,
Cooley Associate Salary,
Latest Batman Graphic Novels,
Diameter Of Overhead Power Lines,