prevention of mange in pigs

Outlook. Ivermectin - for treatment of mites, lice and a variety of internal parasites, but DOES NOT treat tapeworms. Small bumps can be observed on the belly of affected pigs. Phosmet should not be applied directly to suckling pigs. On close inspection, small red spots can be seen and there is general reddening about the eyes, around the snout, on the inner surface of the ear flaps, between the legs and the body and on the front of the legs where the skin is thin. Swine performance is influenced by internal parasites, most dramatically in the young, growing pig. Label instructions must be followed closely, because there are three possible lime sulfur dilutions for use on swine. It is a poorly understood disease and once affected the animals recover within a few days Prevention. The anti-mange shampoo will help to prevent your pig from getting sarcoptic mites. The boars should be treated every three to six months and sows should be treated about a week before farrowing. Use 1% injectable form for horses, cows, or swine (brand name Ivomec or Noromectin) -Treats, mites, lice, and a variety of internal parasites. TREATMENT Dosing instructions by Cathy Zolicani, DVM. Found inside – Page 119Try to prevent wounds as much as possible. Prevent mange and lice which cause scratching and may start a wound Do not use barbed wire. c. Treat infected wounds with insecticidal products to kill the larvae, and. use antibiotics to treat ... Injectable doramectin and ivermectin are labeled for use against S scabiei var suis and are considered highly effective treatments. Fig 2: Severe hypersensitive (allergic) mange in a . Affected pigs scratch constantly, especially in hot weather, rubbing against any fixed object. Marked hyperkeratosis and acanthosis are seen in a pig with chronic sarcoptic mange infection. Found inside – Page 57I quite often hear people say they use sump oil to treat mange and lice on their pigs. ... I recommend that you purchase a reference book dedicated to the prevention, treatment and identification of pig diseases. Found inside – Page 1257512 description , and infection of sheep , lameness , causes , prevention , and dogs , and cattle876–877 ... work with newborn pigs ------ 825 teeth abnormalities , causes , descripIMES , MARION : tion , and treatment449-451 Mange in ... Some animals can become chronic carriers, spreading the parasite through the herd. The two most common types of mite in guinea pigs are static mites and sarcoptic mites. and environment with 2 % trichlorphon (Kambarage 1991). Erysipelas is a bacterial infection of pigs that usually causes red lesions on the skin, fever, depressed appetite and in some cases . The presence of red, pinpoint lesions on the skin after scalding at slaughter are suggestive of mange and have been graded as Score 1 (mild lesions on the belly, head and buttocks) Score 2 (lesions over the flanks and back in low to moderate numbers) and Score 3 (several generalised lesions). This NEW updated edition of Managing Pig Health and the Treatment of Disease offers a fresh and comprehensive guide to practical veterinary information for pig farmers, veterinarians and technologists around the world. The response to treatment is poor, but the mite is sensitive to those acaricides used for sarcoptic mange control. Waiting two weeks to re-treat your pig gives any eggs remaining on the animal a chance to hatch and thereby become susceptible to the second round of drug treatment. Guinea Pigs can contract a number of parasites including mange mites, ringworm, lice and ear mites. Use 1% injectable form for horses, cows, or swine (brand name Ivomec or Noromectin) -Treats, mites, lice, and a variety of internal parasites. Misset Uitgeverij B.V. successfully used Cypermethrin in the treatment of sarcoptic mange in pigs. It is likely the disease occurs in all countries where pigs are raised in large numbers. Please confirm that you are a health care professional. Control can usually be maintained by treating only the breeding pigs. Many products are registered for use against mites in pigs, including dips, sprays, injectables and in-feed products, which should be used according to the instructions. Ivermectin will kill mange in dogs, cats, guinea pigs, horses, goats and several other animals. Chirodiscoides caviae mites may cause mild to no clinical signs at all. A variety of diseases, parasites and disorders affect the skin of pigs, and can result in economic losses through sub . Skin Conditions in Pigs. Found insidePrevention: If there is a problem in the caviary all individuals can be treated with ivermectin (Tx 31) given orally in order ... Trimenopen jenningsi is thought to be of little pathogenic significance unless the guinea pig is stressed. Demodectic mange caused by infestation with Demodex phylloides is possible in pigs. Subsequently the skin become wrinkled, covered with crusty patches and thickened. Found insideIf more than 2 percent of the herd is affected, take steps to prevent navel ill (see Navel Ill on page 135); also consider that genetic factors may ... As with mange, hogs may rub vigorously and shake their ears in response to itching. This site complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: Mange is an expensive disease, not only because of its economic impact on pigs, but also due to the cost and need for repeated treatments and damage to farm equipment. If lice are also present, coordinate mange and louse treatments. Fig 5: Hypersensitive reaction to mange mites in a growing pig. mange is relatively unimportant in pigs. Note that treated swine shouldn't be slaughtered sooner than five days after treatment with permethrin or 18 . "Dippity" syndrome is an important differential diagnosis in miniature pigs with skin lesions and behav-ioral problems. We are almost finished with his second round of mange treatments, so I wanted to provide an update on how we've treated the mange and on how Oscar is progressing. Itching and lesions are present, indicating hypersensitivity. Examine the breeding animals looking for chronic lesions. Hog mange is caused by a mite known as Sarcoptes, scabiei var. Serological tests can be used to confirm eradication, but sows may take up to a year to lose antibody after mites have been eliminated. suis, which is sometimes referred to as scabies. Mites are microscopic, eight . The guinea pig mange mite will burrow tunnels into the skin of the rodent. MATERIALS A. Found inside – Page 187Spraying weaner pigs with a skin disinfectant such as chloroxylenol daily for 3 days at the time of weaning and mixing can eliminate outbreaks associated with postweaning fighting. Prevention of sarcoptic mange is also indicated. Initial infestation is followed by multiplication of the mites and sensitisation of the host. However, transmission to naive pigs is also possible through contact with fomites contaminated with S scabiei var suis. Prevention. It has proven to be an effective solution both in the diagnosis and treatment of mange caused by scabies mites, also known as sarcoptic mites in farm animals and pets. feeder pig. Clinical presentations. By the time the mites have exhausted the debris and need to tunnel back into the skin, any mange treatment given the pig has worn off. Mange can be controlled by treatment of the herd at intervals or at entry to housing (sows entering the farrowing house piglets at weaning and growing pigs at moving). Found insidePrevention • Prevent the pigs from wandering about where they can feed on human faeces. ... Nowadays sarcoptic mange in pigs has been reported in all major swine producing countries and is prevalent in Brazilian swine herds. A brushing over thick scab may be needed before topical . Objective: To determine the efficacy and safety of topical administration of selamectin and to compare selamectin treatment with a common ivermectin protocol for the treatment of natural infestation with Trixacarus caviae in pet guinea pigs. Our mini pig has sarcoptic mange, and I previously wrote about his symptoms and how we diagnosed it. Control (group 1) pigs were given nonmedicated water, group 2 we … treatment of otodectic mange caused by Otodectes cynotis in dogs and cats and for sarcoptic mange due to Sarcoptes infestation in dogs. The 1% formulation (don't worry if it is labeled for injection in pigs and cows) is safe, readily available, and affordable; .05 ml/kg is the standard topical dose for guinea pigs. In swine, lime sulfur dips are repeated at intervals of 3–7 days to treat mange, unlike in other species in which they are repeated every 12 days. 1) The first round of sarcoptic mange treatment. Sarcoptic mange (cats get a version called notoedric mange ), commonly know as scabies, is caused by an external parasite called Sarcoptes scabei that burrows deep into the skin.It commonly occurs in dogs, not so commonly in cats, unless is it notoedric mange), also occurs in foxes, ferrets, rabbits, sheep, goats, cattle, pigs and guinea pigs. Found inside – Page 227Frequently , sucking pigs but a few days old are heavily infested from the mother before the owner realizes it . ... Mange . Mange or scabies of the pig is not frequently met with in Kentucky , but the fact that it does occur ... It can persist in the environment for . Unless pigs originated from SPF colonies or after mange eradication programs, all pig herds must be considered potentially infested even if acaricides are used routinely. Hot lime sulfur is labeled for use against mange in swine. The usual treatment for Mange is a drug called Ivermectin. Injectables and in-feed medications are other possible methods of mite control. successfully used Cypermethrin in the treatment of sarcoptic mange in pigs. Objective: To determine the efficacy and safety of topical administration of selamectin and to compare selamectin treatment with a common ivermectin protocol for the treatment of natural infestation with Trixacarus caviae in pet guinea pigs. Pigs with mange often appear redder than their less severely affected pen-mates. The canine sarcoptic mite can also infest cats, pigs, horses, sheep, and various other species and the human analog of burrowing mite infection, due to a closely related species, is called scabies. if your guinea pig has mange it doesn't mean other animals in the house will too. From developing new therapies that treat and prevent disease to helping people in need, we are committed to improving health and well-being around the world. You can get mange from animals or from human-to-human contact. Exposure of treated pigs to mange-infected pigs may result in reinfestation. Found insideAs I believe that prevention is better than cure I have always injected against mange using the 'all in one' injection that covers lice, mange and worms. If you do get an outbreak of mange then a good covering with a suitable mange wash ... Sarcoptic mange is a common disease and represents the most important ectoparasitic disease of swine. Later the skin becomes thickened and wrinkled. Animals: 17 mixed-breed pet guinea pigs with active mite infestation. Disease prevention and treatment practices In addition to vaccinating for certain pathogens, sites often use treatment regimens of treatments to prevent and control disease at certain management phases. It is important to notice whether or not there is an ovicide action in your chosen treatment. A common type of mange in humans is known as scabies. Mange is confirmed by finding mites in deep skin scrapings from the inside of the ears and the face (80% of cases) and the skin of the back foot 50% of cases. suis [14]. Mange in humans: Treatment, symptoms, and outlook Frontiers | Afoxolaner as a Treatment for a Novel Sarcoptes … Figure 2 from Sarcoptic mange infestation in pigs: an overview … Pig mange prevention. A second treatment within 7-10 days will kill eggs and larvae. Mange or lice treatment was used most commonly on sites with either breeding females or boars (67.9 and 65.0 percent, respectively). Pigs can and do get parasites, including worms. Anemic pigs - stomach worms. Mange mites cannot be transferred to humans although may cause some minor irritation to sensitive skin. Scaly erythematous plaques are present on the ventral abdomen of a feeder pig with pityriasis rosea. Before the advent of ivermectin (a systemic parasiticide), mite treatments could only provide a degree of control, rather than complete elimination of mange mites in guinea pigs. Reduction in productivity occur in infected herds due to the constant scratching. It feeds on skin cells as it tunnels into the pig’s epidermis. The pig louse Haematopinus suis is a large, yellowish-brown louse (5 mm) which moves about amongst hairs on the pig's skin and may be seen most readily on white pigs. Identify these animals so that they receive special treatment. Swine performance is influenced by internal parasites, most dramatically in the young, growing pig. Sarcoptic mange is caused by a mite (Sarcoptes scabiei var suis) that lives in the skin. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. As the hypersensitivity subsides, typically after several months, the thickened, rough, dry skin is covered with grayish crusts. Then keep the pigs in isolation for an additional week to ensure they are free of parasites. Itching can be intense and associated with a hypersensitivity reaction to the mites. Replacement stock should be from mange-free herds, but, if bought from infected herds, animals should be held in isolation, treated 13 days apart and then introduced to the herd. Sarcoptic Mange The best treatment for mange depends on the animal and the type of mite. Affected skin will get thick, yellowish, and crusty, with hair loss and secondary bacterial skin infection. Compounds such as phosmet and amitraz are effective, but are not currently licensed in the EU. Ivermectin and Fenbendazole. Amitraz solution can be sprayed gently over the pig and placed in the ears. However, if your pigs seem particularly itchy, there could be a more serious problem. The skin is usually red and inflamed and there may be crusts and bare patches where the hair has been rubbed away. Some breeders will routinely treat new guinea pigs in quarantine (since they can carry mites while showing no signs) rather than risk reintroducing mange mites to a whole herd of guinea pigs. Mites can be made to leave crusts of skin or ear wax by vibration and heat and can then be seen using a hand lens. Coumaphos sprays are available for use on swine in the USA, but they are labeled only for control of lice. The sexes can also be distinguished by this means, the male pattern being sucker-sucker-bristle-sucker and the female, sucker-sucker-bristle-bristle. TREATMENT Dosing instructions by Cathy Zolicani, DVM. Treating Pig Lice and Mites. Ivermectin is used to treat mange mites (scabies), lice, roundworms, lungworms, threadworms in swine. There are three aspects to consider: 1. The treatment for sarcoptic mange, caused by sarcoptic mites, is pretty intense, with multiple treatments and lots of potential pain for your pig, so prevention is a really good idea. Overall, 36.9 percent of breeding females and 46.6 percent of boars were on sites that treated for mange or lice. Swine performance is influenced by internal parasites, most dramatically in the young, growing pig. A study on suspected skin lesions of pigs from Chhattisgarh revealed 37.50% pigs were affected with sarcoptic mange [15]. We do not control or have responsibility for the content of any third-party site. Found inside – Page 9Synopsis of Diseases of Swine Causes , Nature , Symptoms , Prevention and Treatment of Swine Diseases Presented in Condensed Form for the Swine Grower By DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL PATHOLOGY AND HYGIENE , University of Nebraska of FO OLLOWING ... Last full review/revision May 2015 | Content last modified May 2015, © 2021 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA. Occurrence: Worldwide.Age affected: All ages (especially sows, boars).Causes: Mite - Sarcoptes scabei var suis.Effects: Scratching, rubbing, red spots, scabs & thickened skin, dirty or blood-blistered ears, reduced growth. This global approach is particularly useful during an eradication campaign. Treatment and control of S. scabiei var. Alternate treatment: Some pet owners have had good luck with Revolution (Selamectin). The Merck Veterinary Manual was first published in 1955 as a service to the community. Found inside – Page 744Clinical Signs/Diagnosis There are two clinical forms of sarcoptic mange in swine. ... Prevention/Control Allowing only mange-free SPF animals into the facility is the most effective and satisfactory method of prevention. You will get better control if the pigs are treated again nine to 14 days after the first treatment. The burrowing and feeding activities of the mites then cause intense pruritis (irritation) which causes scratching which in turn results in the rupture of small vesicles (blisters) near the burrows of the mites. Mange is a generic term for skin conditions caused by certain species of mites in animals. A single application of phosmet is effective, poured on the back with part of the dose placed in the ears. Found inside – Page 1086Swine World 8:30 Ja 20 '21 Lice and mange infection of pigs . ... Live Stock J 94 : 185 Ag 12 '21 Mange of hogs . ... Swine World 7 : 3-4 Ag 20 '19 Prevention of goitre ( big - neck ) ' and hairlessness of newborn domestic animals . Treatment, Prevention and Control. The efficacy of ivermectin administered by esophageal intubation in a single dose was evaluated against the mange mite Sarcoptes scabiei var suis in 24 naturally infested pigs. Treatment. Severely affected animals should be culled from the herd. An 8-10% improvement in daily live weight gain and feed conversion efficiency can be achieved if treated pigs are moved into clean accommodation. For treatment of sarcopt.ic mange in pigs, TAKTIC@ has been used successfully since 1975 (Griffiths 1975; Johansson et a1. Static mites are parasites that run up and down guinea pigs' hair shafts, whilst sarcoptic mites are parasites that burrow under guinea pigs' skin and cause the extremely painful condition known as sarcoptic mange. It is licensed as a heartworm preventative with efficacy against larval stages of Dirofilaria Treat new, incoming pigs with an approved insecticide twice, with treatments spaced out two weeks apart. Animals used in the field trials were swine of various breeds and ages in eight privately owned herds. Guinea Pigs can contract a number of parasites including mange mites, ringworm, lice and ear mites. Sarcoptic mange in pigs is widespread in-swine industry (Cargill and. Pigs can and do get parasites, including worms. The changes may also be seen at slaughter, however, once scalding and scraping have taken place, wax deposits in the ears, all hairs and the surface layers of skin are missing. The ear is the only place where debris can build up significantly without dropping off the body. Usually 2-3 injections are given between 1-2 weeks apart. Found inside – Page 180The cheek lesions caused by biting may look like greasy pig disease or sarcoptic mange and the presence of these ... Preventing abrasions and injuries by removing sharp objects and treating roughened floors, will help prevent swine pox. Although it is an "off-label use" according to the FDA, Ivermectin injection for cattle and pigs is a very effective cure for Sarcoptic mange in foxes. Fig 6: Aural haematoma in a young growing pig - a common sequel to mange infestation and head shaking Cause. All pigs in the group will require treatment. Although they spend all their lives on pigs, mites can survive for a short while (up to 12 days) in the wider environment. If the herd is mange free make sure purchased pigs are also free. Mange may be treated using a wide variety of insecticides, but those most commonly used at present are the avermectins. Greasy pig disease is a bacterial infection associated with young piglets fighting. Found insideIt is thought that swine fever, or influenza, may work in reverse, so that people with flu-like symptoms can pass it ... AILMENT CAUSES/SYMPTOMS TREATMENT/PREVENTION MANGE AND Scratching to excess and/or a scurf-like appearance on the ... Waiting two weeks to re-treat the pig gives any eggs remaining on the animal a chance to hatch and thereby become susceptible to the second round of drug treatment. Comparing the microbiome of bacteria on pigs without S scabiei var suis versus that of infested pigs showed that noninfested pigs had low relative abundances of Staphylococcus, whereas the relative abundance of Staphylococcus increased significantly on pigs with S scabiei var suis during the course of infestations. Fig 1: Sarcoptes scabeii var suis - the cause of sarcoptic mange in pigs. Swine Health and Production - Volume 3. Found inside – Page 110Forty per cent of all pigs had sarcoptic mange with 21 per cent of herds having more than half the pigs affected . ... Pig producers need to adapt their mange control programme accordingly to prevent mange reducing their profits . The fluid released dries on the skin to block the mite burrows 6-7 weeks after infection and hyperkeratinisation (thickening) of the skin occurs and is greatest in older pigs. However, exposure for as little as 24 hr to contaminated pens that were recently vacated by infested pigs resulted in transmission of the mite. A severe case of Sarcoptic mange in a guinea pig ©David Perpiñán (2) Louse eggs are unaffected by ivermectin and may require up to three weeks to . Every young or newly acquired potbellied pig—particularly those obtained from sources such as a flea market or shelter—may harbor a few mange mites that are not yet causing itching, rubbing, or skin lesions. mange caused by S. scabiei var. Parenteral Ivermectin has been reported to-be highly effective against sarcoptic mange (Sudhan and Azmi, 1988 . A single dose applied topically kills both mange mites and lice. They look like tiny crabs on the skin. Given its apparent safety and effectiveness when used in correct doses, ivermectin is the preferred treatment for mites, especially mange mites. Purchased pigs should be isolated and given a course of treatment topically, parenterally or in feed. For information and pictures of mange, go to: thepigsite.com. Although rare in domestic pigs, D phylloides infestation can be common in wild boars without overt signs of clinical disease. represented 94 percent of the U.S. pig inventory and 94 percent of U.S. pork producers with 100 or more pigs. Found inside – Page 34PREVENT SORE MOUTHS . Mange is a disease to which all domestic animals are liable . It is caused by a parasite and is contagious . In young pigs it is necessary to be careful in the use of remedies , as there is ! anger of injuring or ... If not, the pigs need to be treated twice at around 14 days interval to kill any mites that may have hatched since the first . This is a widespread disease among pig farms all over the world, not transmissible to humans and caused by an acarian parasite. suis infestation was done successfully by treatment of pigs with 20 % phosmet @ 20 mg per kg. Control/Prevention. Ivermectin and Fenbendazole. Mange mites can live in areas without host animals (pigs) for up to five days, and longer if damp conditions exist. Topical products are no longer licenced, although there is an 'in feed' treatment available which has a shorter meat withdrawal period. Sarcoptes scabei var suis, an insect parasite, is a host specific mite that is spread from pig to pig by direct contact or by vectors. There is no reliable treatment. Found inside – Page 521SWINE MANGE . Mange is a common disease of swine . In the fall of 1909 my attention was called to some suckling pigs that were scratching and digging at the skin about the neck and shoulders . These pigs were examined for lice ... The legacy of this great resource continues as the Merck Veterinary Manual in the US and Canada and the MSD Manual outside of North America. Transmission is usually by direct contact between pigs and can be from the sow to piglets or after mixing. The mite lives in galleries in the horny skin and feeds on epidermal cells. From Feeder Pig to Bacon in 5 Months Pigs don't need a lot of space to thrive, and they're naturally tidy and easy to care for.Pigs are also an efficient choice for the backyard meat producer -- in just five to eight months, your little ... Maintain a free herd. "The 11th edition of Diseases of Swine continues to serve as the gold-standard resource for anything and everything related to swine herd health...this edition does an outstanding job of keeping up with the advanced diagnostic technologies ... If you are introducing a new guinea pig to an established cage, wash it with . b.wt. Biological cycle of Sarcoptes scabiei. Erysipelas in pigs: detection, treatment and prevention. Clinical Signs • Poor growth rate is an early sign of zinc deficiency, usually occurring before skin lesions Medicines available are shown in Fig.11-18. Ivermectin - for treatment of mites, lice and a variety of internal parasites, but DOES NOT treat tapeworms. The presence of mange on a farm affects its welfare status and may lead to downgrading or exclusion from quality assurance schemes. Clinical signs of D phylloides infestation include reddening of the skin, pustules, and alopecia. If the entire drove is infected, all the pigs must be treated. Fenbendazole treats tapeworms, whipworms, roundworms and hookworms. Sarcoptic Mange is caused by a very small (l/50th inch long) mite that burrows in the skin. There is also an oily liquid (containing 20% phosmet) which is applied down the back of the pig and absorbed through the skin. Sarcoptic Mange Mites (Trixacarus Caviae) Pig mange prevention. Ivermectin and abamectin, members of the avermectin family of compounds, were introduced to the market in the 1980's as a veterinary antiparasitic drug and agricultural pesticide, respectively. The trusted provider of veterinary information since 1955. This handbook will be invaluable to administrators, researchers, and employees in any animal research facility. It will also be of interest to personnel in zoos, animal shelters, and veterinary facilities. These pigs should receive routine preventive therapy to stop the development of mange and to prevent transmission to its owners. The most obvious symptoms are: the pigs become agitated, they have the need to scratch the walls of the cage or other objects, the appearance of a crust on the skin and the appearance of abrasions . Two new co-authors, Jean Coates and Marc Kent, board-certified in neurology, enhance the credibility of this edition. A full-color design and numerous illustrations include enhanced images of neuroanatomy and pathology. It is important that owners are familiar with the signs and symptoms, opting to treat the issue early and seek Veterinary assistance if in doubt. Prevention of diarrheal diseases, and diseases in general, starts with preparation before producing or purchasing one or more show pigs. The allergic or erythematous presentation (Figure 2a), which mainly affects rearing and fattening pigs, with characteristic pruritis and presence of papules and red areas on the skin. Prevention of lice infestation is very similar to prevention of sarcoptic mange. suis infestation was done successfully by treatment of pigs with 20 % phosmet @ 20 mg per kg. Most cases of mange and . Phosmet spray is approved for sarcoptic mange in swine at the species-specific dilution instructions on the label. Found inside – Page 278Washing removes worm eggs and other organisms that infest baby pigs . To prevent constipation in sows , add wheat bran or other bulky ingredients to the ration at a level of 15 percent , or feed the regular diet containing a tablespoon ... You should just be able to see the mites with the naked eye. Adult population. Reduction in sow condition may affect numbers born. The link you have selected will take you to a third-party website. Over-the-counter meds are available for treatment of lice and mange in swine. Survival of the mite eggs away from the host is limited. Anemic pigs - stomach worms. Animals . Laboratory experiments indicated that S scabiei var suis did not survive >96 hr at temperatures <25°C or >24 hr at 20°–30°C. Maiti et al. Which of the following is NOT a common cause of urticaria in animals? Found inside – Page 1086Swine World 8:30 Ja 20 21 Lice and mange infection of pigs . ... Live Stock J 94 : 185 Ag 12 '21 Mange of hogs . ... Swine World 7 : 3-4 Ag 20 '19 Prevention of goitre ( big - neck ) and hairlessness of newborn domestic animals . The most effective treatment is an injectable Avermectin, such as panomec/ivomec, and several injections every 2-3 weeks may be required. The mite is Demodex phylloides and it lives in hair follicles. The book is organized by body system for quick, convenient reference, and this new edition meets the growing need for management of both diseases of individual cows and problems affecting whole herds. pig farm of Assam, overall 23.61% pigs were recorded as infested with S. scabiei var. instructions. The mite is usually spread from one pig to another, but animals can also pick it up by rubbing against recently contaminated surfaces.
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