Data: Studies in monkeys for tenofovir (at doses approximately 2-fold higher than that for human therapeutic use) show decreased fetal growth and reduction in fetal bone porosity within 2 months of starting maternal therapy. (1987).
Amantadine was initially developed for prophylactic use as an antiviral agent in the prevention of influenza A, but has been used in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.
Evidence indicates that fetal kidney selectively takes up gentamicin, which can result in cellular damage (probably reversible) to immature nephrons. Grumme, T., Baethmann, A., Kolodziejczyk, D., Krimmer, J., Fischer, M., von Eisenhart Rothe, B., Pelka, R., Bennefeld, H., Pollauer, E., Kostron, H., & et al.
Bakhireva LN, Jones KL, Schatz M, Klonoff-Cohen HS, Johnson D, Slymen DJ. Corticosteroids for acute traumatic brain injury.
(2016) compared melatonin production of individuals with TBI to healthy controls. It acts as a neurotransmitter activating dopamine receptors and when released by the hypothalamus it inhibits the release of prolactin from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Penicillamine has been shown to be teratogenic in rats when given in doses 6 times higher than the highest dose recommended for human use. (2003) found that cerebrolysin was associated with improved brain bioelectrical activity, as evidenced by a significant increase in fast beta frequencies. B. Together these findings suggest that cerebroylsin may represent an effective neuroprotective therapy with tangible cognitive benefits for individuals living with an ABI. (2011). Potential side effects include over-stimulation, peripheral edema, livedo reticularis, and lowering of the seizure threshold, however, these are easily reversible (Schneider et al., 1999b). The safety and effectiveness of tiotropium has not been studied during labor and delivery. Some studies have found that spasticity of cerebral origin versus SCI respond differently to the same medications (Katz & Campagnolo, 1993). Deep venous thrombosis management following traumatic brain injury: a practice survey of the traumatic brain injury model systems. The effects of bromocriptine on attention deficits after traumatic brain injury: a placebo-controlled pilot study. Zafonte, R. D., Lexell, J., & Cullen, N. (2001). Stover, J. F., & Stocker, R. (1998). As of this writing, no such studies have been conducted in humans. Associated defects and complications - Hypotension, renal dysplasia, anuria or oliguria, oligohydramnios, IUGR, pulmonary hypoplasia, patent ductus arteriosus, incomplete ossification of the skull, and intrauterine or neonatal death (1992) reported on a collection of 10 case studies of patients with TBI treated with intramuscular (IM) midazolam for acute seizure cessation after other benzodiazepine drugs had failed. Fetal body weights were decreased at the highest dose. De Santis M, Straface G, Cavaliere AF, Carducci B, Caruso A. In another study participants were randomly assigned to receive citalopram or placebo (Rapoport et al., 2010). (2000). Battison, C., Andrews, P. J., Graham, C., & Petty, T. (2005). Results from both studies indicate that administering enoxaparin post ABI reduces the risk of developing DVT and PE, without increasing the risk of bleeding post injury. Inaba, K., Menaker, J., Branco, B. C., Gooch, J., Okoye, O. T., Herrold, J., Scalea, T. M., Dubose, J., & Demetriades, D. (2013). The researchers noted lower energy expenditure, lower total urinary nitrogen excretion, and improved nitrogen balance in patients’ refractory to conventional therapy when compared to controls.
Mannitol decreases ICP but does not improve brain-tissue pO2 in severely head-injured patients with intracranial hypertension.
Of these, 18 involved the great vessels of the heart. Soltani, Z., Shahrokhi, N., Karamouzian, S., Khaksari, M., Mofid, B., Nakhaee, N., & Reihani, H. (2017).